스켑틱스/기타 주제

갤럽조사, 미국인의 초정상 현상에 대한 믿음   글쓴이 : kopsa     날짜 : 01-06-12 20:12     조회 : 6289     갤럽조사, 미국인의 초정상 현상에 대한 믿음  2001년 6월 8일 미국인의 초정상 현상에 대한 믿음을 조사한 갤럽 조사 결 과가 발표됐습니다. 18세 이상 성인 1,012 명을 대상으로 한 조사 결과입니 다. CSICOP 언론 보도문 밑에 갤럽 결과를 첨부했습니다. 전체적으로 미국인의 2분의 1 이상이 심령 치료와 초감각적 지각(ESP)을 믿고 3분의 1 이상이 귀신 나오는 집, 악령에 사로잡힘, 유령, 지구를 방문 한 외계인, 텔레파시, 투시를 믿는 것으로 나왔습니다. 이 중에 텔레파시와 투시가 ESP와 어떻게 구별되는지, 질문 항목을 그렇게 정했을 수도 있겠 다는 생각을 합니다. 우리의 경우 어떠한지, 조사를 해 보면 좋겠다는 생각 을 합니다.        CSICOP 회장 폴 커츠는 스켑틱스 단체의 노력에도 불구하고 미신적 믿음 이 오히려 증가한 현상을 염려합니다. 모든 것이 대중 매체의 부추김 때문 이라고 말합니다. 과학적 방법, 비판적 사고 등을 학교 교육에서 가르칠 필 요성을 말합니다.  여론 조사의 방법상 가슴으로 믿는 바를 조사했다는 조 니켈의 말도 들어 있습니다. 실제 경험한 적이 있는지, 증거가 있다고 보는 지 등을 물었다면 물론 초정상 현상의 믿음 비율은 낮게 나왔을 것입니다. 이 게시 글에 대 해 의견이 있는 분은 '회원 정보/토론'에 올리시기 바랍니다.      ................................................... CSICOP PRESS RELEASE   Belief in the paranormal on the increase among Americans Amherst, N.Y. (June 8, 2001)-The Gallup Organization released the results of its new poll on paranormal beliefs, which indicate increases in the percentage of Americans who believe in communication with the dead, ESP, ghosts, psychic healing and extraterrestrial visitation. The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP)-publisher of the magazine Skeptical Inquirer-has been criticizing and examining paranormal beliefs for 25 years. "This latest Gallup Poll is disturbing," says Paul Kurtz, chairman  of CSICOP, "because it shows an increase in superstition in the United  States-particularly in regard to communicating with the dead, haunted  houses, ghosts, and psychic healing. According to the study, the most notable increases between 1990 and 2001 are beliefs in psychic or spiritual healing (up 8 percent to 54 percent); haunted houses (up 13 percent to 42 percent); communication with the dead (up 10 percent to 28%); and witches (up 12 percent to 26 percent). Kurtz blames the media for increased credulity. "These results may be traced directly to the mass media, especially sensationalized TV shows, films, and the tabloid press and publishers. It's regrettable that Americans show lower scores in scientific literacy among their young people in comparison with other democratic societies. The poll also points to the urgent need, we submit, for teaching critical thinking in schools and colleges. That should have a high national priority." The National Science Board's 2000 Science & Engineering Indicators survey found an abysmally low understanding of the scientific method and general science knowledge among Americans. CSICOP Senior Research Fellow Joe Nickell feels that the poll asks the wrong questions. "The poll asks people whether they believe in a phenomenon, which amounts to asking them whether they want to believe. They're polling the heart, not the head. If respondents had also been asked whether they have experienced these phenomena themselves, or whether they thought there was good scientific evidence supporting these beliefs, I suspect those scores would have been much lower." ......................................... POLL RELEASES June 8, 2001 Americans' Belief in Psychic and Paranormal Phenomena Is up Over Last Decade. Belief in psychic healing and extrasensory perception top the list. by Frank Newport and Maura Strausberg GALLUP NEWS SERVICE PRINCETON, NJ -- What exactly do Americans believe in when it comes to the paranormal, the occult, and "out-of-this-world" experiences? The Gallup Poll recently updated its audit of Americans?beliefs in a variety of these types of phenomena. The results suggest a significant increase in belief in a number of these experiences over the past decade, including in particular such Halloween-related issues as haunted houses, ghosts and witches. Only one of the experiences tested has seen a drop in belief since 1990: devil possession. Overall, half or more of Americans believe in two of the issues: psychic or spiritual healing, and extrasensory perception (ESP), and a third or more believe in such things as haunted houses, possession by the devil, ghosts, telepathy, extraterrestrial beings having visited earth, and clairvoyance. Basic Beliefs The list of 13 experiences tested in the poll is eclectic, ranging from Halloween- and occult-oriented phenomena such as ghosts and witches, to mental experiences such as ESP, clairvoyance, and psychic or spiritual healing. Americans?overall beliefs in the experiences tested range from a slight majority who believe in the power of the human mind to heal the body, to a low of 15% who believe in the New Age concept of channeling or allowing a "spirit-being" to assume control of a body during a trance. Here is the overall pattern of results: *Psychic or spiritual healing or the power of the human mind to heal the body Believe 54% Not sure  19% Don't believe  26% (이하 같은 형식입니다) *ESP or extrasensory perception  50  20  27   *That houses can be haunted  42  16  41   *That people on this earth are sometimes possessed by the devil  41  16  41   *Ghosts or that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places and situations  38  17  44   *Telepathy, or communication between minds without using the traditional five senses  36  26  35   *That extraterrestrial beings have visited earth at some time in the past  33  27  38   *Clairvoyance, or the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future  32  23  45   *That people can hear from or communicate mentally with someone who has died  28  26  46   *Astrology, or that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives  28  18  52   *Witches  26  15  59   *Reincarnation, that is, the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death  25  20  54   *Channeling, or allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a human body during a trance  15  21  62   Belief in a Number of These Phenomena Is up Since 1990 Belief in several of these experiences has not changed significantly over the last 11 years. For seven experiences tested, however, there has been an increase in belief of more than five percentage points: Haunted houses Ghosts Witches Communicating with someone who has died Psychic or spiritual healing That extraterrestrial beings have visited earth Clairvoyance There has been a significant downturn in belief in just one of the experiences tested: possession by the devil, in which 41% of Americans believe today, compared to 49% in 1990.   Differences by Subgroup Belief in these phenomena shows significant differences within major demographic and belief groups of the American population: Age There are interesting differences in belief in these varied experiences by the age of the respondent. Younger Americans -- those 18-29 -- are much more likely than those who are older to believe in haunted houses, in witches, in ghosts, that extraterrestrials have visited earth, and in clairvoyance. There is little significant difference in belief in the other items by age group. Those 30 and older are somewhat more likely to believe in possession by the devil than are the younger group. Gender Women are slightly more likely than men to believe in ghosts and that people can communicate with the dead. Men, on the other hand, are more likely than women to believe in only one of the dimensions tested: that extraterrestrials have visited earth at some point in the past. Education Americans with the highest levels of education are more likely than others to believe in the power of the mind to heal the body. On the other hand, belief in three of the phenomena tested goes up as the educational level of the respondent goes down: possession by the devil, astrology and haunted houses. Importance of Religion Perhaps not surprisingly, the major difference in belief in these phenomena by importance of religion focuses on the devil: 55% of those who say religion is very important in their daily lives say they believe in devil possession, compared to just 14% of those who say religion is "not very" important to them. Religion is also correlated to belief in extraterrestrials: Those for whom religion is very important are less likely to say they believe in beings from other worlds that may have visited this planet than are those who are less religious. Survey Methods The results reported here are based on telephone interviews with a randomly selected national sample of 1,012 adults, 18 years and older, conducted May 10-14, 2001. For results based on this sample, one can say with 95 percent confidence that the maximum error attributable to sampling and other random effects is plus or minus 3 percentage points. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls. .................................................................