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* USA TODAY 񃯇(04/13/2001)
 
Faking a hoax

By Michael Medved

Though most criticism of today's TV programs focuses on the
exploitation of sex and violence, the medium's single-most irresponsible
excess actually involves the shameless promotion of public paranoia.

Consider, for example, the appallingly popular Fox network show that
recently attempted to convince people that America's moon landings
never took place and that all evidence to the contrary stemmed from a
massive, diabolical government hoax.

Though it's easy to scoff at this preposterous premise, Conspiracy
Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? drew more than 15 million
viewers to its two broadcasts (so far: FOX is hoping to repeat it this
summer). Fox officials report that since the show aired Feb. 15 and
March 21, they've fielded thousands of inquiries asking for transcripts
or videotapes of the "documentary," while numerous callers to national
talk-radio shows such as mine eagerly repeat the nonsensical
allegations they watched on television. As the show itself proudly
proclaimed (without ever disclosing a source for the announcement): "It
has been estimated that as many as 20% of Americans believe we
never went to the moon."

According to Fox and its respectfully interviewed "experts" ? a
constellation of ludicrously marginal and utterly uncredentialed
"investigative journalists" ? the United States grew so eager to defeat
the Soviets in the intensely competitive 1960s space race that it faked
all six Apollo missions that purportedly landed on the moon. Instead of
exploring the lunar surface, the American astronauts only tromped
around a crude movie set that was created by the plotters in the
legendary Area 51 of the Nevada desert.

Rather than allow representatives of NASA to provide easy answers to
the silly but specific questions the program chose to raise (Why did the
American flag appear to wave in the breeze when there's no wind on
the moon? Why were there no blast craters beneath the landing craft
for any of the six moon voyages?), Fox only showed government
scientists giving an impatient, generalized dismissal to the whole inane
suggestion. Meanwhile, the producers made no references to the
obvious, intractable objections to their theory.

If, for instance, the moon missions amounted to an obvious fake meant
to embarrass the Russians, then why didn't the Soviets say something
about it? Surely, their close monitoring of their American rivals would
have revealed that the Apollo flights never actually left Earth's orbit.

Meanwhile, if the entire point of the Apollo program was to show off
the triumph of American technology, then why would NASA stage the
disastrous Apollo 13 mission, which never made it to its lunar
destination and in which three brave astronauts very nearly died?

The Fox show also fails even to mention the moon rocks that the
astronauts brought back for analysis ? about 841 pounds of them.
Scientists from scores of nations around the world have analyzed these
geologic samples and never questioned their origins from outside the
Earth.

Instead of dealing with such inevitable obstacles to its sweeping
conclusions about governmental fraud, the moon-hoax TV show accuses
the leaders of the space program of mass murder. According to the Fox
producers, as many as 15 astronauts and scientists may have been
killed in order to prevent them from revealing the truth about the
phony moon voyages. The show unequivocally suggests that the
horrible launchpad fire that claimed the lives of astronauts Virgil "Gus"
Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chafee in January 1967 was
deliberately orchestrated to protect embarrassing secrets.

"Were Gus Grissom and the Apollo One astronauts victims of a tragic
accident," the narrator portentously intones, "or were they intentionally
silenced because they knew too much? We may never know."

We do know, however, that the notion that the United States is so
corrupt that it would burn up its heroic astronauts in the interests of
public relations feeds the worst sort of extremist insanity. No wonder
nearly half of all eligible American adults never bothered to vote in the
last election. If giant conspiracies merely manipulate our view of reality,
what difference does it make?

According to public opinion polls, a majority of Americans believe that
government agencies played some role in the murder of President
Kennedy ? an assumption Oliver Stone powerfully advanced in his
profitable but shameful motion picture, JFK. Millions of others assume
a massive UFO coverup, or a deliberate plot to murder the Branch
Davidians at Waco, or a devious effort to blame the "innocent" Timothy
McVeigh for the government's own bombing of the federal building at
Oklahoma City. Others claim that the crack-cocaine epidemic, or even
the AIDS virus, originated as CIA plots to subjugate the
African-American community.

So far, Fox hasn't rushed forward to exploit the suggestion by other
conspiracy theorists that the Holocaust of European Jewry is merely an
elaborate hoax to increase Zionist influence. But based on its disregard
of all standards of journalistic integrity or corporate responsibility in its
coverage of the "moon landing fraud," why rule out such programming
prospects for the future?

In the past, conspiracy theories flourished in the United States at times
of hardship and conflict. An anti-Masonic movement, blaming all of the
world's problems on Freemasonry, erupted during the economic
dislocations of the 1830s and spawned its own powerful political party,
while abolitionists theorized about the machinations of "The Slave
Power" in the run-up to the War Between the States. Severe
depressions in the 1890s and 1930s gave rise to further fears about
gigantic, devious plots for world domination.

The past few years, however, have witnessed a period of extraordinary
prosperity and relative peace ? offering little basis for the dark
fantasies that seem to afflict huge portions of the public. Inevitably,
feverish manipulation by the mass media, rather than sociological
circumstance, should shoulder the blame for the profound paranoia of
the present ? and the corresponding sense of helplessness and
alienation.

Networks such as Fox (home of The X-Files and The Lone Gunmen,
among other distinguished shows) obliterate all distinctions between a
major broadcast organization and a supermarket tabloid. The pathetic
program on the moon landings may represent one small step for its
puerile producers, but it was a giant leap into the sewer for the rest of
mankind.

Film critic Michael Medved, a member of USA TODAY's board of
contributors, and author of The Shadow Presidents, hosts a nationally
syndicated daily radio talk show.

¨Ï Copyright 2001 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co. Inc.
............................................... 
(2001/05/05 ¿ÀÈÄ 1½Ã Ãß°¡)

Washington dispatch
Conspiracy theory turns to moonshine

Fuelled by a willing media, America's thirst for paranoiac conjecture is
reaching new heights of lunacy, according to Julian Borger

Julian Borger
Guardian Unlimited

Tuesday April 10, 2001

The United States was born out of a profound distrust of government.
The founding fathers had had a belly full of monarchs and their
self-proclaimed divine right to rule. That fundamental suspicion
underlies the modern nation like a geological fault, which breaks to the
surface intermittently and unpredictably as a reminder of the country's
uneasy relationship with federal power.

The remnants of distrust are everywhere - the legislative gridlock that
is all but assured by the checks and balances built into the political
system; the jealousy with which many Americans hoard their weapons,
lest they be intimidated by Washington's armed legions. Then there are
the rural militias training in the hills for the day when they have to
confront the United Nations and its supposed plot to establish a single
world government.

The suspicion does not run wide - these fears are shared by a small if
significant minority - but it does run deep. And nowhere is it more
apparent than in the corrosive paranoia of conspiracy theories that
spring up through every crack in normal life.

There are of course the persistent conspiracy theories surrounding the
assassination of President Kennedy and the belief that the US
government has been consorting with aliens, whose spacecraft are
parked in the mysterious Area 51 near Roswell, Nevada.

The UFO conspiracy theory has been fed and watered by the X-Files
series on television, in which two FBI agents struggle ceaselessly to
unveil the Byzantine plot woven around them. Now the same channel
on which the show appears, Rupert Murdoch's Fox network, has dusted
off a paranoid fantasy which is even more bizarre. It has just aired a
portentous, documentary-style programme with the chilling title:
"Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the moon?"

Yes, many people in this country believe that Neil Armstrong, Buzz
Aldrin and all the rest walked, not on the moon, but on a huge
artificially-lit studio somewhere in Nevada. This suspicious minority
amounts to 20% of the population, according to the programme, which
gave the convoluted theory a full and reverent hearing.

Those watching at home with gaping mouths were told how the Nasa
hoax could be unmasked with a simple magnifying glass. The pictures
taken on the "moon" showed light coming from different angles. Some
details, apparently in deep shadow, were mysteriously illuminated. Some
of the crosshairs on the famous moon photograph seemed to be behind
objects in the foreground. The American flag appeared to flutter,
despite the absence of air.

The US, we were told, realised it could not keep up with the Soviets
in the space race, so Nasa simply faked it. At best, the astronauts
simply orbited the earth a few times and came back. At worst, they
never left the earth and instead headed straight to the Nevada studio.

The embattled Nasa spokesman who was asked to rebut the claims on
air was left groping for words. "Claptrap" was his final verdict.
Subsequent demolitions of the Fox evidence appeared on Nasa's site
and other serious astronomical websites.

To begin with, there is more than one light source on the moon. Light
is reflected by the earth and from the moon's own pale surface. It can
illuminate objects, even those apparently in deep shadow, from different
directions.

Moreover, on rudimentary black and white film, the light from very
bright objects can bleed over and erase fine lines in the foreground, like
crosshairs. And flags can flutter in a vacuum, especially when the
flagpole is being handled by an astronaut.

Such mundane explanations do not seem to have the same penetrating
power as conspiracy theories. A cursory check of a popular internet
chatroom, where television output is constantly discussed, suggested
that paranoia was fast taking the upper hand.

One chatter calling himself "seeker" (presumably after truth) expressed
a widely shared sentiment when he said: "I WANT TO BELIEVE that
we've been to the moon and that Nasa has been completely up front
with us on the subject. But if Nasa lied about something as big as the
moon landings, who knows where the lies end and the truth begins."

That is precisely the question posed by Bill Kaysing, the "star" witness
in the Fox expose and author of the topic's definitive work, We Never
Went to the Moon.

"This whole moon business goes much further than Nasa, he said. In
fact: "Nasa and the CIA and the whole US government is a rotten and
corrupt organisation, designed just to get all the tax money they can
out of people, to manipulate their minds, to keep them amused with
sporting events and silly TV sitcoms."

Not to mention quasi-documentaries broadcast by Rupert Murdoch,
friend of governments around the world. The plot, as they say,
thickens.

Email
julian.borger@guardian.co.uk
................................