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Â÷º´¿ø Â÷±¤·Ä ±³¼ö µî ±âµµÈ¿°ú ³í¹® ½ºÄµµé |
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±Û¾´ÀÌ : kopsa
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Â÷º´¿ø Â÷±¤·Ä ±³¼ö µî ±âµµÈ¿°ú ³í¹® ½ºÄµµé
2004³â 5¿ù 30ÀÏ ¿µ±¹ °¡µð¾ðÀÇ ¿É¼¹ö¿¡ 2001³â °³² Â÷º´¿ø Â÷±¤·Ä ±³¼ö
µîÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ±âµµ È¿°ú ³í¹®°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© "±âµµÀÇ Èû ½ÃÇè°ü³» ¼öÁ¤ ±âÀû¿¡
»ç±â²ÛÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ µå·¯³ª´Ù"¶ó´Â ±â»ç°¡ ½Ç·È½À´Ï´Ù(÷ºÎ 1). ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ
Áß ÇÑ ¸íÀÌ »ç±â ÇøÀÇ·Î ±â¼ÒµÇ¾î ÇüÀÇ ¼±°í¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃµÈ
ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Á¦¸ñÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¹®Á¦ ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ µî Â÷ ±³¼öÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» µè±â À§ÇØ Â÷ º´¿ø¿¡ Àüȸ¦ ÇÑ ¹Ù
Â÷ ±³¼ö´Â ±¹³»¿¡ ¾ø°í, ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¾Ë¸¸ ÇÑ Á¤Çü¹Î ¿¬±¸ ºÎÀåµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö
¶ó°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̹ø ±ÛÀº Â÷ ±³¼ö µî ³í¹®ÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú ¾ð·Ð¿¡ º¸µµµÈ »ç±â²Û
À̶ó´Â ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì ½ÇÁ¦ ³í¹®À» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â
¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇظ¦ µ½±â À§ÇØ ÀÛ¼ºÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
1. C.C. ºÒÀÓ¼¾ÅÍ¿Í ±âµµ È¿°ú ³í¹® ÀúÀÚ
Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇп¡ C.C. ºÒÀÓ ¼¾ÅÍ°¡ Àִµ¥ C.C.´Â Cha ColumbiaÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¼¿ï Â÷º´¿ø ºÒÀÓ ÀÇÇÐ ¼¾ÅÍÀÇ ¿¬ÀåÀ¸·Î, ÁÖ·Î ±× Áö¿ª Çѱ¹ÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ
¸ç, ¼ÒÀåÀº Â÷ ±³¼öÀ̸ç, ¼¾ÅÍÀÇ Áø¿ë¿¡´Â Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ÀÇ´ë ±³¼öµéµµ Âü¿©ÇÏ
°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Â÷ ±³¼öµµ Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ÀÇ´ëÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿ø ½ÅºÐÀ» °®°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
2001³â 9¿ù ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ³í¹®Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù(³í¹®ÀÇ ¿ä¾àÀº ÷ºÎ 2, Ä÷³
ºñ¾Æ ÀÇ´ë ¾ð·Ð º¸µµ¹® ºÎºÐÀº ÷ºÎ 3).
Kwang Y. Cha, M.D., Daniel P. Wirth, J.D., M.S., and Rogerio A. Lobo,
M.D., Does Prayer Influence the Success of in Vitro
Fertilization-Embryo Transfer?: Report of a Masked, Randomized Trial,
J Reprod Med 2001;46:781-787
±×·¯´Ï±î ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ¿¡ C.C. ºÒÀÓ¼¾ÅÍ ¼Ò¼ÓÀ¸·Î Â÷ ±³¼ö¿Í Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ÀÇ´ë
»êºÎÀΰú °úÀåÀÎ ·Îº¸(Rogerio A. Lobo)°¡ ÀÖ°í µÎ ¹ø° ÀúÀÚ·Î µÅ ÀÖ´Â
¿ö½º(Daniel P. Wirth, J.D., M.S.)°¡ À̹ø ½Å¹®¿¡ »ç±â²ÛÀ̶ó°í ¿À¸¥ ¹®Á¦
Àι°Àε¥ ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼ÓÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Ç¥±âµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö´Â ãÁö ¸øÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ¼³¸í
ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ·Îº¸ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀº ¾ø°í ¼¿ï Â÷º´¿ø°ú Â÷±³¼ö°¡ ¼ö
ÇàÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̴µ¥, ¿ö½ºÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ ±Ã±ÝÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°¡ Â÷º´¿øÀÇ ¿¬
±¸ºñ·Î ¼öÇàÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ³ª¿Í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ ³í¹®°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© 2001³â 12¿ù ¹Ì º¸°ÇºÎ(Department of Health &
Human Service)¿¡¼ À±¸® ±ÔÁ¤À» ÁؼöÇß´ÂÁö Á¶»çÇÑ ¹®°ÇÀ» ÀÎÅͳݿ¡¼
¹ß°ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°÷¿¡´Â ·Îº¸°¡ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇÐÀÇ °ü·Ã À±
¸® À§¿øȸ(Institutional Review Board, IRB)¿¡ º¸°íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹®Á¦ ÁöÀûÀÌ
ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ·Îº¸´Â ÀúÀÚ·Î À̸§ÀÌ µé¾î°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦ ¿¬±¸°¡ ¿Ï°á
µÈÁö 6-12 °³¿ù µÚ¿¡ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ Â÷ ±³¼ö·ÎºÎÅÍ µè°í ³í¹® ÀÛ¼º°ú ¹ß
Ç¥ µîÀ» µµ¿Í ÁÖ¾úÀ» »ÓÀ̶ó°í Çß½À´Ï´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ º¸°ÇºÎÀÇ Á¶»ç ¹®°Ç¿¡´Â ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°¡ Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇÐ º¸°Ç °úÇп¡ ¼ÓÇÑ
¿¬±¸ÀÚ°¡ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¼¿ïÀÇ Â÷ º´¿ø IRB¿¡¼ ½ÂÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ȯ
ÀÚµµ Â÷ º´¿ø ȯÀÚÀ̸ç, ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿¬±¸ºñ°¡ µé¾î°£ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§
¹®¿¡ Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇÐÀÇ IRB¿¡¼ ·Îº¸ÀÇ »êºÎÀΰú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±³À°À» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á¾°áÇÏ°Ú´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Ì º¸°ÇºÎÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶»ç´Â
Ãֱ٠Ȳ¿ì¼® ±³¼öÀÇ Àΰ£ ¹è¾Æ º¹Á¦ Áٱ⼼Æ÷ ¿¬±¸¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ À±¸® ¹®Á¦ÀÇ
¼º°ÝÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù.
2. ³í¹®ÀÇ ¿äÁö
Â÷ ±³¼ö µîÀÇ ³í¹®Àº Á¦3ÀÚÀÇ ±âµµ È¿°ú, Áï intercessory prayer (IP) È¿°ú
³í¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½ÃÇè°ü³» ¼öÁ¤-¹è¾Æ Àü´Þ(in vitro fertilization-embryo
transfer, IVF-ET)¿¡ ±âµµ°¡ ÀÓ½ÅÀÇ ¼º°ø¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ÁöÇ¥·Î ÇÏ¿´½À
´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÇèÀº öÀúÇÑ ÀÌÁß ¸Í½ÃÇèÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. °á°ú°¡ ºÐ¼®µÉ ¶§±îÁö
¾Æ¹«µµ ¾î¶² ´ë»óÀÌ ±âµµ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´ÂÁö ¸ð¸£´Â »óÅ·ΠÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
IVF-ET´Â ¼¿ï Â÷º´¿ø¿¡¼, ±âµµ´Â ¹Ì±¹. ij³ª´Ù. ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¿¡¼, ±×
¸®°í ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¦3 ÀÇ·á ¼¾ÅÍ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í Çß½À´Ï´Ù. IVF-ET¿¡ ´ë
ÇØ Àß ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ÀÏ´Ü ¿©¼ºÀÇ ³ÀÚ¸¦ äÃëÇÏ¿© ½ÃÇè°ü ³»¿¡¼ Á¤ÀÚ¿Í ¼öÁ¤
½ÃÄÑ ¼öÁ¤¶õÀ» ¹è¾Æ ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ¿©¼ºÀÇ Àڱÿ¡ Âø»ó½ÃÄÑ ¹è¾Æ°¡ °è¼Ó ºÐÈÇÏ
¿© žƷΠ¹ßÀ°Çϸé ÀÓ½ÅÀÌ ¼º°øÇß´Ù°í º¼ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
À̶§ ´ë»óÀº 26¼¼¿¡¼ 46¼¼ »çÀÌÀÇ 219¸íÀε¥, ±âµµ ±ºÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âµµ´Â
3°¡Áö ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î Çߴµ¥ Á¦1 ±×·ì¿¡¼ ±âµµ ±º ¿©¼ºÀÇ »çÁøÀ» µé°í
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µµ ±º°ú ±âµµ¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº ±ºÀÇ ÀӽŠ¼º°ø·üÀº 50% ´ë 26%, Âø»ó·üÀº
16.3% ´ë 8%ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð Åë°èÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀÇÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿¹ºñ ÀÚ·á·Î ÇØ
¼®ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çß½À´Ï´Ù.
3. ¿ö½º¿Í ¿ö½ºÀÇ ¹üÁË ÇàÀ§
À̹ø ¹®Á¦´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÚ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ¿ö½º(Daniel P. Wirth, J.D., M.S.)¿¡ °üÇÑ
°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¼± ¿ö½º´Â J.D. (Juris Doctor) Àε¥ ÀÌ ÇÐÀ§´Â ¹ýÇÐ Àü¹® ´ëÇÐ
¿ø(law school) ÇÐÀ§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÀÇ Á¸ F. Äɳ׵ð
´ëÇп¡¼ Ãʽɸ®ÇÐ ¼®»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿ö½ºÀÇ ÇкΠÀü°øÀÌ
¹«¾ùÀÎÁö´Â ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. (04/06/10 ¹®±¸ ¼öÁ¤Çß½À´Ï´Ù)
ÀÌ Ãʽɸ®ÇÐ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ±×°¡ ¸¸³ »ç¶÷ÀÌ È£¹Ù½º((Joseph Horvath)Àε¥ µÎ
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¸¦ ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» ãÀ¸´Ï Ä¡·á ¾È¼ö µî ³í¹®ÀÌ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ö½º´Â ¼Ò¼ÓÀ»
Healing Sciences Research International·Î ÇÏ°í Àִµ¥ ±×°¡ ¼ÒÀåÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
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(Joseph Horvath)¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹àÇôÁö°í ¿ö½º¿Í È£¹Ù½º°¡ °¡Â¥ À̸§À¸·Î
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*÷ºÎ 1
Exposed: Conman¡¯s Role in Prayer-power IVF ¡®Miracle¡¯
One of the authors of a university report on infertility has admitted a
multi-million-dollar fraud, reports Paul Harris in New York
Sunday May 30, 2004 The Observer Guardian Unlimited ¨Ï Guardian
Newspapers Limited 2004
It was a miracle that created headlines around the world. Doctors at
one of the world¡¯s top medical schools claimed to have scientifically
proved the power of prayer. Many Americans took the Columbia
University research announced in October 2001 after the terror attacks
on New York and Washington as a sign from God. It seemed to prove
that praying helped infertile women to conceive.
But The Observer can reveal a story of fraud and cover-up behind the
research. One of the study¡¯s authors is a conman obsessed with the
paranormal who has admitted to a multi-million-dollar scam. Daniel
Wirth, now under house arrest in California awaiting sentencing, has
used a series of false identities for several decades, including that of a
dead child.
Wirth is at the centre of a network of bizarre scientific research, often
working with co-researcher Joseph Horvath. Horvath has pleaded guilty
to fraud, has used a series of false names and is accused of burning
down his house for insurance money.
Many scientists are now questioning how someone with Wirth¡¯s
background was able to persuade Columbia University Medical Centre
to unveil his research in such a high-profile way. They also want to
know why it appeared in the respected Journal of Reproductive
Medicine, whose vetting procedures are usually strict. ¡®We are
concerned this study could be totally fraudulent. It is an amazing sag
a,¡¯ said Dr Bruce Flamm, a clinical professor at the University of
California.
The study claimed to show that a woman¡¯s chances of conceiving
through IVF treatment doubled when someone prayed for them. ¡®IVF
is a very difficult procedure. Increasing the success rate by 100 per
cent would be a huge breakthrough, a revolution,¡¯ said Flamm.
The study was based on an IVF programme in Korea. Prayer groups in
the United States, Canada and Australia were shown anonymous
pictures of women on the programme and asked to pray. The subjects
were not told they were part of a study, but the results claimed to
show that the group had double the success rate of a group not being
prayed for.
The research listed three authors of the study: Daniel Wirth and two
Columbia fertility specialists, Dr Kwang Cha and Dr Rogerio Lobo.
Kwang Cha has since left Columbia and now helps to run fertility
clinics in Los Angeles and Korea. Lobo is still at Columbia. Neither
returned phone calls and emails requesting an interview. Wirth¡¯s
lawyer, William Arbuckle, also failed to return The Observer¡¯s calls.
On 18 May, Wirth pleaded guilty to multi-million-dollar fraud charges
against US cable telecommunications company Adelphia
Communications. While working for Adelphia, Horvath had steered $2.1
million of contracts to Wirth. The pair now face up to five years in jail
and up to $250,000 in fines.
FBI papers filed during the case also show that Wirth has used a
series of false identities over the years. In the mid-1980s, Wirth used
the name of John Wayne Truelove to obtain a passport and rent
apartments in California. The real Truelove was a New York child who
had died as an infant in 1959.
He also used the name of Rudy Wirth, who died in 1998, to establish
an address in New York and claim social security benefits. It is not
clear whether Wirth and Rudy Wirth were related.
It has emerged that Wirth has no medical qualifications. He graduated
with a law degree and then took a master¡¯s in parapsychology at
John F. Kennedy University in California, where he met Horvath.
Wirth and Horvath have co-authored numerous pieces of research
claiming to prove paranormal activities. Many of them are linked to a
body called Healing Sciences Research International, which Wirth heads.
However, the institute appears to be only a mail box with no telephone
number.
Horvath also has a long criminal history and has used many fake
identities, including Joseph Hessler, a child who died in Connecticut in
1957. It was as Hessler that he was jailed for fraud in 1990. But it was
as John Truelove - using the same false identity as Wirth - that he
was arrested in 2002 for burning down his own bungalow in order to
claim the insurance. Horvath has also pleaded guilty to practising
medicine without a licence after posing as a doctor in California.
Sceptical scientists liken the two to a pair of conmen, similar to the
character played by Leonardo DiCaprio in the film Catch Me If You
Can. ¡®They seemed to think they were cleverer than everyone else. It
was maybe the love of the game that spurred them on,¡¯ said
Professor Dale Beyerstein of the University of British Columbia, who
has been investigating the pair¡¯s research for several years.
Columbia University would not comment on the Wirth case. However,
shortly after the prayer and fertility study was published, the
Department of Health began an investigation into the university¡¯s
research. It found numerous ethical problems. Lobo, a respected scientist
who was named initially as the lead author of the research, had only
provided ¡®editorial review and assistance with publication¡¯ on the
study.
Scientists are pressing Columbia and the Journal of Reproductive
Medicine to disown the research. But the JRM still has the study on
its website. Phone calls to the journal were not returned. Columbia
removed the press release announcing the study from its online archive
shortly after receiving requests from scientists for comment after the
Wirth fraud charges. But the university has not officially commented,
ignoring clarification requests from the Commission for Scientific
Medicine and Mental Health.
..................................................
*÷ºÎ 2
Kwang Y. Cha, M.D., Daniel P. Wirth, J.D., M.S., and Rogerio A. Lobo,
M.D.
Does Prayer Influence the Success of in Vitro Fertilization-Embryo
Transfer?:
Report of a Masked, Randomized Trial
J Reprod Med 2001;46:781-787
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the potential effect of intercessory prayer (IP) on
pregnancy rates in women being treated with in vitro
fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET).
Study Design: Prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial in
which patients and providers were not informed about the intervention.
Statisticians and investigators were masked until all the data had been
collected and clinical outcomes were known. The setting was an
IVF-ET program at Cha Hospital, Seoul, Korea. IP was carried out by
prayer groups in the United States, Canada and Australia. The
investigators were at a tertiary medical center in the United States.
The patients were 219 women aged 26-46 years who were
consecutively treated with IVF-ET over a four-month period.
Randomization was performed after stratification of variables in two
groups: distant IP vs. no IP. The clinical pregnancy rates in the two
groups were the main outcome measure.
Results: After clinical pregnancies were known, the data were
unmasked to assess the effects of IP after assessment of multiple
comparisons in a log-linear model. The IP group had a higher
pregnancy rate as compared to the no-IP rate (50% vs. 26%, P=.0013).
The IP group showed a higher implantation rate (16.3% vs. 8%,
P=.0005). Observed effects were independent of clinical or laboratory
providers and clinical variables.
Conclusion: A statistically significant difference was observed for the
effect of IP on the outcome of IVF-ET, though the data should be
interpreted as preliminary. (J Reprod Med 2001;46:781-787)
Keywords: fertilization in vitro, embryo transfer, prayer, complementary
medicine, alternative medicine
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*÷ºÎ 3
Public release date: 28-Sep-2001
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/ps
Prayer may influence in vitro fertilization success
Blinded and randomized international study reveals surprising results
New York, NY-Prayer seems to almost double the success rate of in
vitro fertilization procedures that lead to pregnancy, according to
surprising results from a study carefully designed to eliminate bias.
The controversial findings, published in the September issue of the
Journal of Reproductive Medicine, reveal that a group of women who
had people praying for them had a 50 percent pregnancy rate compared
to a 26 percent rate in the group of women who did not have people
praying for them. None of the women undergoing the IVF procedures
knew about the praying.
The researchers acknowledge the results seem incredible and say
unknown biological factors may be playing a role in the difference
between the two groups. But they decided to go public with the results
in the hope that other scientists may carry out studies to determine if
the findings are reproducible and, if so, what factors might be
responsible for the improved success rate in the group of women who
had people praying for them.
"We could have ignored the findings, but that would not help to
advance the field," says Dr. Rogerio Lobo, chairman of obstetrics and
gynecology (OB/GYN) at Columbia University College of Physicians &
Surgeons and lead author of the study.
"We are putting the results out there hoping to provoke discussion and
see if anything can be learned from it. We would like to understand the
biological or other phenomena that led to this almost doubling of the
pregnancy rate."
The study, which had several safeguards in place to eliminate bias,
involved 199 women planning in vitro fertilization and embryo transfers
at the Cha Hospital in Seoul, Korea, between December 1998 and March
1999. A statistician randomly assigned the prospective mothers to either
a prayer group (100 women) or a non-prayer group (99). Besides the
women, the physicians and medical personnel caring for the women did
not know a study of prayer was ongoing.
The people praying for the women lived in the United States, Canada,
and Australia and were incapable of knowing or contacting the women
undergoing the procedures. Which women were in which group was not
revealed until the pregnancy data became available at the completion of
the study. The people praying were from Christian denominations and
were separated into three groups. One group received pictures of the
women and prayed for an increase in their pregnancy rate. Another
group prayed to improve the effectiveness of the first group. A third
group prayed for the two other groups. Anecdotal evidence from other
prayer research has found this method to be most effective. The three
groups began to pray within five days of the initial hormone treatment
that stimulates egg development and continued to pray for three weeks.
Besides finding a higher pregnancy rate among the women who had a
group praying for them, the researchers found older women seemed to
benefit more from prayer. For women between 30 and 39, the
pregnancy rate for the prayer group was 51 percent, compared with 23
percent for the non-prayer group.
The researchers analyzed their data several ways to see if they could
find other variables that would have accounted for the differences
between the two groups. However, no adjustments altered the results.
The group will continue to study whether its findings are genuine and,
if so, what mechanisms might be at work.
Other studies have shown that prayer seems to exert a benefit for
heart patients. The researchers believe theirs is the first study looking
at prayer and infertility.
###
None of the researchers are employed by religious organizations and
were not asked by religious groups to perform the study. Dr. Kwang
Y. Cha, director of the Cha Hospital and an associate research scientist
at OB/GYN at Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons,
funded the research through his hospital.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2001-09/cuco-pmi092801.php
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